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The Blue Mountains are a mountain range in the western United States, located largely in northeastern Oregon and stretching into extreme southeastern Washington. The range has an area of about 15,000 square miles (38,850 km²), stretching east and southeast of Pendleton, Oregon, to the Snake River along the Oregon-Idaho border.^[4] The Blue Mountains cover nine counties across two states; they are Union, Umatilla, Grant, Baker, and Wallowa counties in Oregon, and Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield and Asotin County, counties in Washington.^[5] They are home to the world's largest organism and fungal mycelial mat, the Armillaria ostoyae.^[6] The Blue Mountains were so named due to the color of the mountains when seen from a distance.^[7]

Geology[edit]

The Blues are uplift mountains^[8][9][10] and contain some of the oldest rocks in Oregon.^[11][12] Rocks as old as 400 million years protrude through surrounding Columbia River Basalt flows of 52 million to 6 million years ago.^[13]

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Geologically, the Blue Mountains are part of the larger rugged Columbia River Plateau, located in the dry area of Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Range. They are made up of several mountain ranges, from the Ochoco Mountains and Maury Mountains in the west near Prineville, Oregon, through the Greenhorn Mountains, the Aldrich Mountains, and the Strawberry Range, to the Elkhorn Mountains and Wallowa Mountains on the east and the Snake River in Hells Canyon.^[14][15] The tallest peaks are Sacajawea Peak at 9,843 feet (3,000 m) in the Wallowa Mountains, Rock Creek Butte at 9,106 feet (2,776 m) in the Elkhorn Mountains, and Strawberry Mountain at 9,042 feet (2,756 m) in the Strawberry Range. There are several more 9000'+ peaks in the Wallowas, but not elsewhere in the Blues.^[16][17]

History[edit]

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Habitation by Native Americans[edit]

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The river valleys and lower levels of the range were occupied by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Historic tribes of the region included the Walla Walla, Cayuse people and Umatilla, now acting together as the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, located mostly in Umatilla County, Oregon. The southern portion of the Blue Mountains were inhabited by several different bands of the Northern Paiute, a Great Basin culture. Native American tribes originally migrated to the Blue Mountains for hunting and salmon runs.^[18] The Natives used to purposefully burn small parts of the forest in order to create pastures to attract game for hunting.^[7]

During westward expansion of the United States[edit]

In the mid-1800s, the Blue Mountains were a formidable obstacle to settlers traveling on the Oregon Trail and were often the last mountain range American pioneers had to cross before either reaching southeast Washington near Walla Walla or passing down the Columbia River Gorge to the end of the Oregon Trail in the Willamette Valley near Oregon City.

Modern travel[edit]

The range is currently traversed by Interstate 84, which crosses the crest of the range at a 4,193 feet (1,278 m) summit, from south-southeast to north-northwest between La Grande and Pendleton. The community of Baker City is located along the south-eastern flank of the range. U.S. Route 26 crosses the southern portion of the range, traversing the Blue Mountain Summit and reaching an elevation of 5,098 feet (1,554 m).

It is also crossed by the Union Pacific Railroad's mainline between Portland, Oregon and Pocatello, Idaho, which crests the summit at Kamela, Oregon. The summit lies on Union Pacific's La Grande Subdivision, which runs between La Grande and Hinkle, the latter of which is the site of a major UP yard.

Wildlife[edit]

Birds of the area include bald eagle, northern spotted owl, Lewis's woodpecker, Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted nuthatch, golden-crowned kinglet and many migratory species, with the riverbanks important habitat for this birdlife. Mammals that move through the mountain grasslands include Rocky Mountain elk (including the largest herd in North America at Hells Canyon), bighorn sheep and mule deer. Native fish include Chinook Salmon, Steelhead, Redband Trout, Coho Salmon, Bull Trout, and Pacific Lamprey.

The Blue Mountains in Washington are home to one of 10 identified elk herds in the state, with a population of approximately 4,500 Rocky Mountain elk as of 2018 across the region.^[19] In 1989, in response to a decline in the elk population and a heavy female-biased population, the Washington Fish & Wildlife Department regulated elk hunting in the Washington Blue Mountains with a 'spike-only' general hunting season, permitting hunting of only male elk with at least one visible non-branched antler.^[19] By the mid 1990s the area then became known for its mature males and trophy hunting.^[20] In 2018, Washington State proposed an updated elk management plan intended to improve the health of elk populations and habitats, reduce human conflict and agricultural damage, and managing elk populations for recreational, educational, scientific, and ceremonial purposes.^[19]

During winter months elk will prefer to use 'moderately steep south slopes' rather than northern slopes because of the southern slopes being warmer and containing less snow.^[21]

Land management[edit]

The public lands in the Blue Mountains are managed not only by the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, but also by land owners and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.

Location[edit]

Much of the range is included in the Malheur National Forest, Umatilla National Forest, and Wallowa–Whitman National Forest. Several wilderness areas encompass remote parts of the range, including the North Fork Umatilla Wilderness, the North Fork John Day Wilderness, the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness, and the Monument Rock Wilderness, all of which are in Oregon. The Wenaha–Tucannon Wilderness sits astride the Oregon–Washington border.

Drainage[edit]

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The range is drained by several rivers, including the Grande Ronde and Tucannon, tributaries of the Snake, as well as the forks of the John Day, Umatilla and Walla Walla rivers, tributaries of the Columbia. The southernmost portion of the Blue Mountains is drained by the Silvies River, in the endorheic Harney Basin.

References[edit]

1. ^https://www.summitpost.org/sacajawea-peak/151103
2. ^https://www.summitpost.org/sacajawea-peak/151103
3. ^https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/blue_mountains/#.XqIlK2hKjIU
4. ^https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/blue_mountains/#.XqIlK2hKjIU
5. ^'Blue Mountains'. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1986-05-22. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
6. ^Casselman, Anne. 'Strange but True: The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus'. Scientific American. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
7. ^ ^abShinn, Dean (1980). 'Historical perspectives on range burning in the inland Pacific Northwest'. Journal of Range Management. 33 (6): 415–423. doi:10.2307/3898574. hdl:10150/646358. JSTOR3898574.
8. ^Britannica.com: Blue Mountains mountains, Oregon-Washington, United States Britannica.com, accessdate: February 8, 2017
9. ^Google Books: The Oregon Companion: An Historical Gazetteer of the Useful, the Curious ... - Richard H. Engeman - Google Books, accessdate: February 8, 2017
10. ^cbgwma.org:The Columbia River Basalt Group Continental flood basalt flows cbgwma.org, accessdate: February 8, 2017
11. ^https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/ims/ims-028/unit01.htm
12. ^Bishop, Ellen Morris. 'In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History.' Timber Press, Portland, OR, 2003.
13. ^https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/ims/ims-028/unit05.htm
14. ^https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/blue_mountains/#.XqIlK2hKjIU
15. ^Miller, M.B. 'Roadside Geology of Oregon, Second Edition.' Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, MT, 2014.
16. ^https://www.summitpost.org/wallowa-mountains/171205. Retrieved 24 Apr 2020.
17. ^https://www.summitpost.org/blue-mountains-or/170889. Retrieved 24 Apr 2020.
18. ^Langston, Nancy (1996). Forest Dreams, Forest Nightmares: The Paradox of Old Growth in the Inland West. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 204. ISBN9780295975504.
19. ^ ^abc'Washington State Elk Herd Plan: Blue Mountains Elk Herd Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife'. wdfw.wa.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
20. ^McCorquodale, Scott; Wik, Paul (2011). 'Elk Survival and Mortality Causes in the Blue Mountains of Washington'. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 75 (4): 897. doi:10.1002/jwmg.121. S2CID85919171.
21. ^Thomas, Jack (1979). Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests: The Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Services. p. 107.

External links[edit]

• 'Blue Mountains (mountain range)'. Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names. 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-28.

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Coordinates: 45°30′00″N118°00′05″W / 45.50000°N 118.00139°W

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